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He, P., Cao, J., Ding, H., Liu, C., Neilson, J., Li, Z., ... & Derby, B. (2019). ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11(35), 32225-32234.
In the fabrication of flexible conductive electronics, graphene ink has proven to be a cost-effective and scalable alternative to metal-based inks. In this study, a screen-printing approach was used to deposit graphene ink onto various flexible substrates, including polyimide (PI, 70 μm), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 100 μm), and paper (80 g m⁻²).
Screen printing was conducted using a 10 in. × 8 in. hardwood printer equipped with emulsion screens and a 155 mesh polyester mesh (~100 μm opening). A polydimethylsiloxane spacer (≈2 mm thick) was placed between the mesh and the substrate to ensure controlled ink transfer. A polyurethane squeegee was used at an angle of approximately 45° and a printing speed of 60 mm/s to uniformly spread the graphene ink.
Following deposition, the printed graphene patterns were dried in an oven at 80 °C for 2 hours to remove solvents. For multilayer printing, each layer underwent intermediate annealing at 80 °C for 30 minutes before the next layer was applied. Additional post-printing treatments, including thermal annealing and compression rolling, were applied to improve film density and electrical conductivity.
This precise and repeatable screen-printing method resulted in conductive graphene films with a conductivity of 8.81 × 10⁴ S·m⁻¹, while maintaining mechanical flexibility even after 1000 bending cycles.
Fu, Li, et al. Electronics 7.2 (2018): 15.
Graphene ink was utilized to prepare an electrochemically modified electrode for sensitive detection of paracetamol (PA). A glassy carbon electrode (GCE, 3 mm diameter) was first polished using an alumina-water slurry and rinsed thoroughly with ethanol and water. For surface modification, 5 μL of a 1% graphene ink dispersion was drop-cast onto the GCE and dried at room temperature, forming the GI/GCE system.
Prior to activation, the GI/GCE was rinsed to remove soluble additives. The modified electrode was then subjected to an electrochemical oxidation process to enhance its electrical conductivity and catalytic activity. This treatment was carried out potentiostatically at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M) in 0.1 M nitric acid (HNO₃). The oxidative post-treatment not only improved conductivity but also introduced structural defects that served as active sites for electrocatalysis.
After rinsing and drying, the activated GI/GCE electrode was employed in the electrochemical detection of PA. The treated surface exhibited a significantly lower redox overpotential compared to conventional systems, minimizing interference from other species. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a linear detection range of 10-500 μM, with a limit of detection as low as 2.7 μM.
This work highlights the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation in improving the performance of graphene ink coatings for biosensing applications.
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