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Jiang, H., et al. (2010). Langmuir, 26(3), 1991-1995.
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been extensively studied for use in adsorbents, composites, catalyst supports, and electronic materials applications, as well as for drug delivery, medical imaging, cell delivery, and cancer vaccination. Their large surface area and ready ability to functionalize carbon also allow for high-capacity binding of biomolecules.
Synthesis and Functionalization of Carbon Nanoparticles
A new "one-step" synthesis and functionalization method is reported here, using a developed new generation of integrated small submerged arc plasma reactor with low power input. Functionalization was incorporated into the synthesis process to functionalize the carbon nanoparticles by utilizing free radicals generated by a submerged arc helium atmosphere plasma and providing ethylenediamine directly after the plasma. The surface properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized by this submerged arc plasma were studied and the feasibility of this new amination process was demonstrated. Furthermore, it was found that the dispersion of carbon nanoparticles in aqueous solutions was significantly improved compared to carbon nanoparticles synthesized from benzene alone. Uniform and smaller nanoparticle size (<20 nm) and primary amine functionalization are demonstrated.
Asadian, E., et al. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 293 (2019): 183-209.
Among various carbon nanostructures, "carbon nanoparticles (CNPs)" have attracted great attention due to their unique properties, such as high specific surface area, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and simple and low-cost synthesis through environmentally friendly routes. In addition, their fascinating electrochemical properties, including high effective surface area, excellent conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and high porosity and adsorption capacity, make them potential candidates for electrochemical purposes, especially sensing.
CNPs-based Electrochemical Sensors
· Drug formulations and drugs
Among different kinds of nanomaterials, CNPs with large surface area, high conductivity, and good electrocatalytic activity have been widely used for electrode modification and even as a component of hybrid electrode materials for the determination of drug compounds, especially in drug formulations.
· Neurotransmitters
In 2007, the use of CNPs-modified electrodes for the determination of neurotransmitters was reported. A transparent and highly adherent CNPs (d: 9-18 nm)-PDDAC ultrathin film was formed on the surface of an ITO electrode using a layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition method.
· Biological species
Researchers fabricated ITO electrodes modified with CNPs and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (CNPs-PDDAC/ITO) composite films. They modified the electrode surface using a layer-by-layer deposition process and used it for the determination of triclosan.
· Immunosensing
In 2009, researchers proposed an electrochemical immunoassay for the sensitive determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cancer marker. A sandwich-type sensing platform was prepared by immobilizing anti-CEA antibody (αCEA) on a screen-printed graphite electrode modified with carbon nanoparticles/polyethyleneimine (CNP-PEI/SPGE).
· Heavy metals
Researchers first prepared an electrochemical sensor in 2003 by dripping a CNPs/polyaniline composite suspension on the surface of an ITO electrode and used it for the determination of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions by anodic stripping voltammetry.
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